نشریه مطالعات راهبردی جهان اسلام
سال بیست و سوم شماره 2 (پیاپی 90، تابستان 1401)

With the discovery of gas fields in the Eastern Mediterranean, a new capacity was created for the countries located in this geographical area to take advantage of this strategic resource to meet their strategic energy needs and reduce economic problems and dependence on foreign sources. The Karish and Qana gas fields are among the resources that, due to being in the maritime border dispute between Lebanon and the Zionist regime, the possibility of identifying reserves and extracting from these resources faced serious considerations. Hizbollah's pressure and threat in determining the conditions of these resources following the Zionist regime's abuses of the said resources led to an agreement to determine the maritime borders of Lebanon with the Zionist regime, based on which Qana was handed over to Lebanon and Karish to the regime. The question of the current research is, how will the effect of the naval agreement between Lebanon and the Zionist regime regarding the gas fields of Qana and Karish be on the situation of Hezbollah in Lebanon? The hypothesis of the research states: "Hezbollah's protection of Lebanon's national interests in the Qana and Karish field of energy, stabilizing the political and national activism of this movement in Lebanon, creates a new arena for increasing the asymmetric deterrence power of Hezbollah in the field of maritime and energy against the Zionist regime. »

The issue of the Kurds and their desire for independence is one of the important political issues of the western borders of Iran, which has wide regional and extra-regional dimensions, and its developments have a great impact on the neighbor areas. The formation of the Iraqi Kurdistan region and the presence of hostile Kurdish groups have affected the security of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The purpose of the upcoming research is to identify the factors that have a negative impact on the relations between Iran and the Kurdistan Region of Iraq and the threats caused by the presence of anti- Islamic Republic Kurdish groups. The assumption of the research is that the activities of separatist and violent groups in the form of Pejak and Komoleh in the northwestern borders of Iran have caused border insecurity. Another issue is the security and intelligence relationship of the Iraqi Kurdistan Region with the Zionist regime and the Kurdish region's strategic participation in anti-Iranian plans with some regional and extra-regional powers. This article deals with the most important traumatic components in Iran's regional relations with the Kurdistan region of Iraq with the analyticaldescriptive method by applying Stephen Walt's balance of threat theory.

Since the beginning of the war and the crisis in Syria, the Zionist entity has regularly and continuously attacked sites in the territory of this country. These attacks mainly targeted military centers and bases, especially weapons and ammunition depots, and sometimes led to the death and wounding of members of the Syrian army, as well as elements of the Revolutionary Guards and the Lebanese Hezbollah. The pretext of the usurping entity authorities for these attacks - which are considered a clear violation of the unity and official sovereignty of Damascus - is the presence of Iran and the resistance in Syria, which it considers a threat to its security, and for this reason, in addition to political and diplomatic efforts, they are trying to exert pressure on the Syrian government as well as Iran through military attacks. Given the lack of strategic depth, Israel has always adhered to theories such as deterrence through military superiority, preemptive attacks, and finally aggressive neo-realism to ensure its security. In this article, while studying a theoretical concept related to the motives and objectives of the Israeli attacks on Syrian territory, we will discuss the causes of these attacks as well as the prospects for this conflict.

The Republic of Azerbaijan is the largest country in the Caucasus, which is located in the South Caucasus. This country, which declared its independence on August 30, 1370, shortly after the collapse of the Soviet Union, is one of the important countries that, due to the strategic location, has been highly regarded by regional and extra-regional players in recent years. The political system of Azerbaijan is defined according to the constitution, based on the presidential republic system based on the separation of powers and secular government, but in practice, the power is in the hands of the executive branch and the president himself. Perhaps one of the main reasons for this is the takeover of all three powers by the ruling "New Azerbaijan" party. Since the independence of the Republic of Azerbaijan, four presidents have come to work, and the current president "Ilham Aliyev" has had the longest presidential term in this country, who has been in power since 1382 and after the death of Heydar Aliyev. Using the "new-authoritarianism" approach, this article seeks to answer the question, "What is Ilham Aliyev's politics and government in Azerbaijan?" The time frame of this research is the post-war period of Karabakh, that is, from 1382 onwards. This research was done by descriptive-analytical method and data collection was done by library and internet method.

The purpose of this article is to know the type of management of Putin, the President of Russia, in the Ukraine war. Based on the "game theory", this study seeks to answer the question, what kind of strategy has Putin chosen against the Western world, led by the United States, in the Ukraine war? Game theory is a science that analyzes the set of interactions and behaviors of the game parties, as well as investigates the types of game structures and patterns and the possible consequences of all types of games. The main foundation of game theory is "game type" and "actor's character type"; Therefore, it is hypothesized that the choice of war against the West was a strategic choice by Putin. In order to evaluate this hypothesis, firstly, West-Russia interactions in various regional and global crises were investigated and classified into two different types: the first type "cooperative-asymmetrical-symmetricaldynamic"; The second type "uncooperative-unbalanced-symmetricdynamic". The combination of the two "non-cooperative" and "unbalanced" variables put the game in an Achems situation, and Putin was forced to choose war in order to get out of this situation and prevent a nuclear war. By choosing this inevitable war, "Russian legend" imposed many costs on himself, but he also prevented his opponent from achieving his goal by imposing many costs. Therefore, we can conclude that Putin is still a strategist and choosing the war in Ukraine was also a strategic decision against the West.

The Ukraine crisis is considered a reflection of systematic and organized conflicts that have accumulated between Russia and the West during the years after the collapse of the Soviet Union. At the same time, the war in Ukraine can be seen as the manifestation of the conflict between the great powers over the formation of the future world order. Despite the fact that Western countries tried to put the Kremlin under severe pressure by using the option of sanctions after Russia's military attack on Ukraine, they ultimately failed to change Russia's attitude. In the meantime, the passage of time has shown that the imposition of economic sanctions against Russia can act as a boomerang whose consequences will also affect the western countries themselves. The great economic dependence between Russia and European countries on the one hand, and at the same time Russia's potential reaction and the imposition of reciprocal sanctions that can emerge in areas such as energy, will confront Western countries with greater risks, which will bring the world to the worst point of It is time to end the Cold War. Therefore, it is very important to check the effectiveness of sanctions and also the status of sanctions in the scenarios facing the war in Ukraine.

Since 1377, Latin America has experienced two waves of "turning to the left" and "taking power of neo-leftist governments"; Despite this, neo-leftist governments in Latin America have many differences from each other. In this research, while knowing these new left governments and their national and regional policies, the complex and unprecedented political evolution of the "turn to the left" in Latin America, which includes a wide range of heterogeneous processes in more than Twenty Latin American countries will be examined. The current research seeks to answer this question, "What policies have neo-leftist governments in Latin America pursued in their internal governance and regional and international relations, and what are the effects of the pink current wave at the regional level?". The hypothesis intended to answer this question is that the "turn to the left" has not only changed the rulers in Latin America, but has caused a transformation in the way of governance and changes in social and economic policies in the region. This wave is the main factor of regional convergence and the initiator of new policies in which the role of the government increases in development, redistribution and social welfare. The conceptual framework of this research is the typology of leftism in Latin America presented by Aston Levitsky and Kenneth Roberts and it has used the descriptiveanalytical research method and the study of library sources and data.